How Do Privacy Rights Extend To Sexual Orientation Essay

How Do Privacy Rights Extend To Sexual Orientation - Essay Example The different laws that have been enacted in the United States of America and the roles that have been played by the Supreme Court and the political parties have to be taken into account when one is analyzing the reasons for the marginalization of the homosexual community and the reluctance that society has had in opening up to this community. In certain cases, the Supreme Court has refused to accord the same status to homosexual couples as heterosexual couples (Government by the People). This automatically assigns to these couples lower status that would induce them to conceal their sexual orientation a secret. In a lot of cases, people fail to recognize their own orientations because of the social stigma that is caused by judgments that place them on a lower level than their ‘straight’ counterparts. In these cases, there is a covert intrusion into the lives of these people that the state effects. While invading the privacy of these groups by marking locations where the ir sexuality can be expressed in terms of the very geographical boundaries within which people of a certain sexual orientation are allowed to make their sexual choices (the rights that homosexual couples have varies from one state to the other), the state also drags their problems into the public domain, thus making them face the stigma of a homophobic society. There are also cases when individuals of a homosexual orientation are not allowed to participate in certain associations which consist of only members of their own sex (Government by the People). This limits the choices that people of this community have and makes them make decisions that affect their privacy greatly.

Enid Lee, Incorporating Antiracism Essay Example for Free

Enid Lee, Incorporating Antiracism Essay In â€Å"Taking Multicultural, Antiracist Education Seriously,† Barbara Miner interviews Enid Lee, a â€Å"leader in antiracist education† as noted on her website, Enidlee. com. She pushes for the use of the term ‘antiracist’ because the tem currently in use, ‘multicultural’, is too nice, focusing more on food and fun rather than hard issues of racism. Although her interview is inspiring and very necessary, some facets of her presentation seem to swing to far to the militant side to garner widespread acceptance. First, Lee explains that in many schools, European posters, readings, games and activities dominate the landscape. While I believe this is true in some cases, I do not believe it to be true in all cases. Many, many classrooms in which I have learned, observed and taught have been filled with pictures of prominent white, black, Hispanic and Asian authors, researchers, and political leaders. Lee’s multistage approach to antiracist education is clear and organized and sequentially stepped so as not to seem overly forceful. However, her insistent on the use of ‘antiracist’ is a bit harsh in that it assumes that anything not adopted or previous to this new ideology is racist. That is a huge overgeneralization. It also separates people into groups – the antiracists and everyone else, who, by association, must be racist. I do not think that many public school systems, and certainly no private systems, will purchase curricular materials and send teachers and administrators to antiracist workshops because it implies the worst of these people and materials. Lee can simply not make that kind of generalization. She urges the changes to extend beyond the school. Racism is alive and well in the community, but her approach sends the wrong message: â€Å"We have an antiracist plan to change this racist community. That is the message that people will hear. A less forceful message is much preferable to Lee’s approach. Lee is convincing in her devotion to creating antiracist schools. She urges to push for administrative changes and curricular changes, which she admits are financially blockaded by under-funded school districts. She gives an unsubstantiated claim that multicultural, antiracist programs are the most under-funded, when the removal of arts programs in elementary schools has made the national media several times in the last few years. Finally, after admitting the sad lack of money for programs, she launches on her website, a national push for her own conference called â€Å"Putting Equity on the Table† that costs $1450 for two school officials to attend. This is a three day conference and the rate (which is the early bird rate) does not include the hotel fee at the Hampton Inn in downtown Boston. In addition, the recommended reading resource is entitled Education Children of African Ancestry in the United States of America, Canada, and the United Kingdom. If we are truly talking about an antiracist education, why does our primary conference resource only focus on one race? Nobody will fault Enid Lee and others like her for taking on the cause of equity in education. Clearly the past has shown that steps are necessary. However, Lee’s focus on only African-descended children, on an inflammatory name for her type of education (which, oddly, does not appear on her conference registration information), and on her need to charge exorbitant fees for her conference detract from her credibility and are likely to be off-putting for widespread educators.

Types of Analysis for Strategic Planning

Types of Analysis for Strategic Planning Task 1 Internal Assessment Sometimes, it is something inside the organization that demands a major change. It can be technological change forcing new methods of carrying out its work, Cost efficiency/Performance, Assets condition/Productivity, Organizational culture and image, Organizational structure, Key staff, Operational efficiency, Operational capacity, Brand awareness, Market share and financial resources. External Assessment Sometimes the outside world forces such decisions on the organization. Such forces may include major shifts in the market, big changes in government policy, market competition, distribution methods, and the geography in which you will compete to get result Assumptions We can assume certain alternative that can be true in forming strategy and from which conclusion can be drawn, as the strategy is based on assumptions Priority issues We must address our priority issues. It can be cost of production, service level and delivery, organization and material effectiveness, customer service and friendliness, new product/service innovation and quality RESULT REQUIRED The second step to identify where do we want to be? We must set our mission and objective to reach our goals. Mission/ Vision It can be defined as what the company is to become over set period of time. To be effective the vision must be simple. It must be something that the people within the business can identify easily and it must have tangible impact on the business. Objectives Objectives are concrete goals that the organization seeks to reach, for example, an earnings growth target. The objectives should be challenging but achievable. They also should be measurable so that the company can monitor its progress and make corrections as needed. HOW The third step to find out how will we get there? We should make some strategy and proper programs to reach our goals. Strategic development process is dynamic and continuous. A change in one component can necessitate a change in the entire strategy. As such, the process must be repeated frequently in order to adapt the strategy to environmental changes. Throughout the process the firm may need to cycle back to a previous stage and make adjustments. IMPLEMENTATION The fourth step to define who must do what. Once a strategy is developed it is most important how to implement it and for effective implementation, it needs to be translated into more detailed policies that can be understood at the functional level of the organization. As strategy forms at corporate level, it should be translated into specific policies for functional areas such as marketing, R D, production, Human resources, Information Systems. REVIEWS The final step is to review once implemented, the results of the strategy need to be measured and evaluated, with changes made as required to keep the plan on track. Control systems should be developed and implemented to facilitate this monitoring. Standards of performance are set, the actual performance measured, and appropriate action taken to ensure success. Example: In my previous organization in Dubai, having two divisions, dealing in waterproofing and insulation materials and both were doing well. The management realized scope of further expansion into interior business. The Chairman has three sons. Two of them looking after two divisions and the third just returned from abroad after completing his studies. The company had enough resources, financial, premise etc. to start the new business. The chairman utilized all of the available resources efficiently and started a new interior business. Now I realized that they had followed above strategic planning process to be success and still they are doing well. Task 2 How does one involve stakeholders in the strategic planning process and give examples of what tools you might use to review strategic options. As an organization grows, it becomes more important that all those involved are clear about what the organization is looking to achieve and how it is planning to do it. Each organization should identify those with a legitimate interest in its work (stakeholders) and ensure that there is regular and effective communication with them about the organization. It is therefore worthwhile reviewing who the stakeholders are in the organization because they help to get job done more effectively. Stakeholders may vary according to the nature of the organization but most common can be explained in following diagram. Suppliers Government Customers Organization Bank / Financial Institution Employees Competitors How to engage stakeholders while developing strategy Personal Interviews It can provide quite detailed and rich data on individual behavior and attitudes. Data gathered with this process can help to develop strategy more effectively. Focus Groups Under this method people are selected and invited to meet together to discuss some aspect of a particular product or services which is helpful in making strategic decision. Advertising: It is a form of communication that helps to persuade potential customer to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. If the strategy is to develop for a new product then view of prospective customer can be obtained by this means. Newspaper inserts: It enables advertiser to target their advertisement to specific geographic market. Mostly it covers local area and strategy planner can get the feedback from relevant stakeholders. Web/Online Surveys One of the most sophisticated and modern method to involve stakeholders in strategy planning process. It’s quick and more accurate and solves the distribution and result collection problems. Conferences: Company can arrange conferences where views can be exchange which will help the planner to form the strategy accordingly. Stakeholders are invited to discuss on a particular topic. Workshop / problem solving meetings: It is like a meeting emphasizing interactions and exchange of information among a usually small number of participants. Newsletters: A newsletter is a regularly distributed publication, generally about one main topic that is of interest to its subscribers. For example Company send newsletter to their employees to update their market position and any future development. Annual report: It is a complete report of an organization’s activities throughout the preceding year. It is normally sent to Shareholders and other interested stakeholders informing about the company’s activities and financial performance. It has been observed that individual stakeholders usually may have their own interests which they will ensure are protected and valued. It means that stakeholders can influence negatively or positively the performance of an organization. It is therefore important for an organization to determine which stakeholders can have a positive or negative impact on their organization so that the positive effects are promoted and the negative effects are managed so as to minimize damage. For example employees of an organization will be concerned about their job security and salaries and other benefits and while planning the strategy if they are not involved in planning process they may resist due to some risk, which they don’t want to take but if they are better educated they will help to achieve strategic goal. There are three important tools that can be used to review strategic options. †¢ Suitability †¢ Feasibility †¢ Acceptability Suitability: This is one of the important tools while developing a strategic plan. The planner must ensure that the strategy he is planning, will it be adjusted with the current environment and are we competent enough to face the challenges. Suitability is a decisive factor for assessing the extent to which a proposed strategy fits the situation identified in the strategic analysis, and how it would sustain or improve the competitive position of the organization. Some authors have referred to this as ‘consistency’. Suitability is therefore a useful tool for screening strategies. For example, if a strategy is likely to improve the organization’s competitive standing then we should find out, can we able to resolve the company’s liquidity problems, or decrease dependence on a particular supplier? Feasibility: Whether it can be implemented successfully. The organization must evaluate their resources and at the evaluation stage there are a number of fundamental questions which need to be asked when assessing feasibility. For example: Can the strategy be funded? Are we capable of performing to the required level (e.g., quality level, service level)? Can the necessary market position be achieved, and will the necessary marketing skills be available? Will the required skills at both managerial and operative level are available? Will the technology (both product and process) be available to compete effectively? Can the necessary materials and services be obtained? It is also important to consider all of these questions with respect to the timing of the required changes. Acceptability: Alongside suitability and feasibility, it is the third factor to review strategic options. This can be a difficult area, since acceptability is strongly related to peoples expectations, and therefore the issue of acceptable to whom? Following essential questions need to be asked when assessing Acceptability. Return What will be the effect on capital structure? Profitability analyses (return on capital employed, payback period, discounted cash flow, market valuation, etc.) Risk Will the function of any department, group or individual change significantly? Financial ratio projections; Sensitivity analysis; Decision matrices Stakeholder Expectations Will the organization’s relationship with outside stakeholders (e.g., suppliers, government, unions, and customers) need to change? Needs, power, interest, and predictability of stakeholders. Task 3 Prepare an example SWOT analysis of an organization you know or have studied listing the 4 key (SWOT) elements in a table. Explain how strategic planner will use the analysis in developing the strategy using some of the example elements you have listed. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors, which relates with resources. Opportunities and threats are external factors which relates with environment. SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment and is often used to highlight where a business or organization is and where it could be in the future. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. The following SWOT analysis looks at PRIMARK which is an Irish clothing retailer. The SWOT analysis will give a clear picture of the business environment PRIMARK is operating in at the present time. Strengths: The strengths of a business or organization are positive elements, something they do well and are under their control. The following section will outline main strengths of PRIMARK. A strong brand is an essential strength of PRIMARK as it is recognized and respected. Competitive pricing is a vital element of their overall success, as this keeps them in line with their rivals, if not above them. The lucrative location. mostly on high street adds up PRIMARK strengths due to its accessibility Keeping costs lower than their competitors and keeping the cost advantages helps PRIMARK pass on some of the benefits to consumers. There distribution chain is one of their strengths and links to success. Supplier relationships are strong at PRIMARK, which strengthens their overall performance. Weaknesses: Weaknesses of an organization is things that need to be improved or perform better, which are under their control. Weaknesses are also things that place you behind competitors. This section will present main weaknesses of PRIMARK. They don’t have good advertising technique to tell customers about their business. There limited product line is a major weakness. PRIMARK does not functions wider international market, which has an effect on success, as they do not reach consumers in more `overseas markets. Due to lower price more customer visit in their store but they don’t have enough checkout counters to avoid long queue. Opportunities: Opportunities are external changes, trends or needs that could enhance the business or organization’s strategic position, or which could be of a benefit to them. This section will outline opportunities that PRIMARK is currently facing. Decrease in taxation is an opportunity for them to reduce prices or increase profits. New market opportunities are a way to push them forward. PRIMARK has the opportunity to enter a niche market, gain leading position and therefore boost financial performance. Expanding the product lines by PRIMARK could help them raise sales and increase their product portfolio. They can enjoy benefits from reduction in interest rates so that business costs would come down. Expanding into other markets could be a possibility for them. Threats: Threats are factors which may restrict, damage or put areas of the business or organization at risk. They are the factors which are outside of the companys control. Being aware of the threats and being able to prepare for them makes this section valuable when considering contingency plans and strategies. This section will outline main threats PRIMARK is currently facing. Consumer lifestyle changes could lead to less of a demand for its products. Changes in the way consumers shop and spend and other changing consumer patterns could be a threat to their performance. Being undercut by low-cost imports is a major threat for them. Slow growth and decline of the retail market is a threat to them. Increased competition from overseas is another threat to them as it could lead to lack of interest in their product. The actions of a competitor could be a major threat against PRIMARK, for instance, if they bring in new technology or increase their workforce to meet demand. Price wars between competitors, price cuts and so on could damage profits for them. A slow economy or financial slowdown could have a major impact on their business and profits. PRIMARK could be threatened by the growing power customers have to set the price of their products. Conclusion Given this analysis we come to realize that each organization has its own external and internal problems to handle. The process in which we enable to identify and analyze such problems is by using proper management method of analysis like SWOT. The SWOT analysis is useful in a difficult strategic situation. The strengths are analyzed to reach opportunities and to avoid threats. The search of weaknesses is of importance as it allows the manager to minimize them. It also explains what unique resources you have and what you can offer that makes you stand from the rest. Task 4 Explain the differences between balanced scorecard, scenario planning, cost benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis giving at least one example of where each technique would be most appropriately applied Balance Scorecard The balance scorecard is a performance management tool to measuring whether the smaller-scale operational activities of a company are aligned with its larger- scale objectives in terms of vision and strategy. By focusing not only on financial outcomes but also on the operational, marketing and developments inputs to these, the balance scorecard helps provide a more comprehensive view of a business, which in turn helps organization act in their best long-term interests. It was proposed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1996 In the balance scorecard we refer to the several different kinds of balance. For example -The balance between short and the long term. -The balance between four perspectives. The Balance scorecard approach generally has four perspectives: Finance: Return on Investment, Cash flow, Return on capital employed Financial results (quarterly/Yearly) Internal business processes: Process alignment (is the right process in the right department?) Learning and growth Is there the correct level of expertise for the job? Employee turnover Source Businessball.com Job satisfaction Training learning opportunity Customer: Delivery performance to customer Quality performance for customer Customer satisfaction rate Customer percentage of market Customer retention rate Scenario Planning Scenario planning is a method for learning about the future by understanding the nature and impact of the most uncertain and important driving forces affecting our world. It is a group process which encourages knowledge exchange and development of mutual deeper understanding of central issues important to the future of the business. It is a process of visualizing What future conditions or events are probable? What their consequences or effects would be like and how to respond to, or benefit from them. Four aspect should taken into consideration in scenario planning Future scientific capabilities Technological developments The role of business and government Social attitudes The transport for London is having scenario planning about future development like air conditioning in Tube. Cost benefits Analysis The process involves, weighting the total expected costs against the total expected benefits in order to choose the best or most profitable option. It is typically used by governments to evaluate the desirability of a given intervention. It is an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits are greater than costs. The costs and benefits of the impacts of an intervention are evaluated in terms of the public’s willingness to pay for them (benefits) or willingness to pay to avoid them (cost) inputs are typically measured in terms of opportunity costs the value in their best alternative use. The guiding principle is to list all parties affected by an intervention and place a monetary value of the effect it has on their welfare as it would be valued by them. Sensitivity Analysis It is a technique for determining the outcome of a decision if a key prediction turns out to be wrong. ‘The Study of how the uncertainty in the output of a model (numerical or otherwise) can be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in the model input’ Suppose that the manager of an organization just completed a linear programming solution which will have a major impact on the company, such as determining how much to increase the overall production capacity and are about the present the results to the board of directors. How confident are you in the results? How much will the results change if your basic data (e.g. profit per item produced, or availability of a component) is slightly wrong? Will that have a minor impact on your results? Will it give a completely different outcome, or change the outcome only slightly? Bibliography: Primark.co.uk Thompson John L . Strategic Management . 4th Ed Team-based strategic planning By C. Davis Fogg 1994 http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ JOHNSON, G., and SCHOLES, K. (1997). Exploring Corporate Strategy, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, New York. [Chapter 8] Business dictionary.com Cases in public policy analysis by George M. Guess, Paul G. Farnham Wikipedia.org Practical Optimization: a gentle Introduction – John W. Chinneck, 2000 A Practical guide to using the Balanced scorecard By Nils-Gà ¶ran Olve, Anna Sjà ¶strand, Carl-Johan Petri Businessball.com http://www.well.com/~mb/scenario_planning/ dft.gov.uk Sensitivity analysis in practice by Andrea Saltelli, Stefano Tarantola, Francesca Campolongo

Bacchus:God of Wine :: essays research papers

Bacchus: God of Wine and Intoxication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much to many parents’ dismay, teenage drinking is a very common and infamous trend of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  times. Many teenagers illegally consume alcoholic beverages weekly. However, instead of linking this problem to the media or peer pressure, one may want to take a look back to the days of ancient Rome; more specifically the god Bacchus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bacchus, the God of Wine and intoxication, is known in Greek mythology as Dionysus, and is also known by other names such as Bakchos and Liber. His name means â€Å"twice born† or â€Å"child of the double door.† Bacchus was born to Zeus and Semele. Hera, wife of Zeus was jealous and tricked Semele into killing herself. Hermes, the messenger God, saved the unborn baby and sewed him up in Zeus’ thigh. After he was born, he sat at the right hand of Zeus. Apparently, his appearance was quite striking, though no specific descriptions were found of his actual looks. Bacchus is to whom we owe the thanks of inventing wine. He appears in numerous myths, almost always accompanied by Centaurs, Satyrs, and Maenads, or women who always seemed mad with joy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bacchus has his own festival aptly named Bacchanalia. This festival is celebrated on March 16 and 17. During Bacchanalia, orgies in honor of Bacchus were introduced in Rome around 20 0 BC. These infamous celebrations, notorious for their sexual and criminal character, got so out of hand that they were forbidden by the Roman Senate in 186 BC. His attributes in iconography include a drinking vessel, an ivy wreath, grape vines, and the thyrsos (a long fennel stalk topped with ivy leaves). Bacchus was also associated with resurrection because he is identified with Zagreus, son of Zeus and Persephone who was killed, dismembered, and eaten by the Titans. His heart was saved and he was reborn through Semele. One of the most famous myths involving Bacchus was when pirates captured him while he was standing on shore, for they thought he must be a prince by his stunning appearance. However, no chains that the pirates used to try to hold him worked, and only then did they realize that he was not a prince, but a God. Vines began to grow, wine began to flow, and Bacchus turned into a lion. The pirates jumped overboard and were turned into dolphins. As this, and many other stories suggest, Bacchus was often depicted as traveling throughout Greece, and often arriving at his destination from the east.

Jasmine by Bharati Mukherjee

Kelsey Johnson Dr. Michele levy ENGL 336 April 14, 2013 Weekly Informal Response 1a. â€Å"Kureishi’s articulation of his identity crisis is both an index of the pain of feeling devoid of secure roots, and also something we might use as a pivotal moment when thinking about the creative necessities of migrancy and diaspora†¦living ‘in-between’ different nations, ‘of, and not of’ each place, feeling neither here nor there, unable to indulge in sentiments of belonging to either location, defined by others in often unflattering ways. † (Beginning Postcolinalism, p. 47) 1b. The above quote from our theory text describes the feeling of not belonging somewhere due to an identity crisis. This crisis was described as coming from the fact that one was not from a certain region, or may not â€Å"belong† to the group of that particular region. For example, I may be seen as odd or not belonging in a region full of white Irishmen and they would m ake it known I don’t belong in these said â€Å"unflattering† ways. 1c. In the novel Jasmine, she is continuously moving and suffering because of this identity crisis tied to her constant migration.For example, when Jyoti’s first husband is killed she does not do the traditional burning of her own body with her husband; but she moves to Florida. During her travels and attempts to obtain citizenship in America, Jyoti endures the horrible conditions that come with illegal immigration; For example, secrecy, hunger, rape, and even murder. All of this because she ‘isn’t’ of’ this nation†¦? The text says, â€Å"I wanted to become the person they thought they saw: humorous, intelligent, refined, affectionate. Not illegal, not murderer, not widowed, raped, destitute, fearful.In Flushing, I had lived defensively in the midst of documented rectitude. I did not want to live legally if it also meant living like a refugee. † (Jasmine, p . 171) 2a. â€Å"In this section, we shall consider the extent to which Western feminist discourses are able to address the double colonization of women living in once-colonised societies and in Western locations†¦John Thieme has explained that ‘Western feminist writers and theorists have frequently seen parallels between their struggles and those of post-colonial women and have particularly identified with women who suffer â€Å"double colonization† (BP, p. 06) 2b. The above quote describes the relationship between â€Å"first world† and â€Å"third world† women. Of course, third world countries are those that exist below the poverty line and struggle to survive. Theime says that feminist writers often see similarities between the lives of their subjects as well as their own. 2c. I believe the entire novel â€Å"Jasmine† is a prime example of the relationship described above; how feminist writers connect with their subjects and audiences due to â€Å"double colonization†.In our novel, Mukherjee writes about the life story of Jyoti and notices similarities in their lives, not because they have the same exact life story, but because of their struggles as women in society. For instance, Jyoti took control of her own life and created her own destiny (despite starting over several times); also because she is a woman and isn’t expected to have much control over her own life. This is also shown in other novels we’ve read. 3a. These â€Å"in-between† spaces provide the terrain of elaborating strategies of selfhood – singular or communal – that initiate new signs of ‘identity’†¦ Bhabha also opposes the idea of a sovereign or essentialised subject. For Bhabha and Spivak identity is a discursive product. Second, because subjectivity is discursively produced, it is possible for it to be remade and remodeled in new and innovative ways – hence his attention to the pro cesses of ‘articulation’ and ‘elaboration’ in the quotation. The border is a place of possibility and agency for new concepts, new narratives, new ideas.Third, the new ‘signs’ of identity which are possible impact upon both individuals and groups. † (BP, p. 252) 3b&c. The above quote speaks about the crossing of physical borders and how they coincide with the crossing of imaginary borders within oneself. For instance, when a person moves from one geographical location to another, they seem to move from one persona to another. This was DEFINITELY seen throughout the novel Jasmine. As the narrator moved, she changed identities and personalities.

Make Your Own Sugar Crystals for Rock Candy

Make Your Own Sugar Crystals for Rock Candy Its easy to grow your own sugar crystals, which are also known as rock candy because the crystallized sucrose, also known as table sugar, resembles rock crystals and you can eat your finished product. You can grow clear, beautiful sugar crystals with sugar and water or you can add food coloring to get colored crystals. Its simple, safe, and fun. Boiling water is required to dissolve the sugar, so adult supervision is recommended for this project. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: A few days to a week Rock Candy Ingredients 1 cup water3 cups table sugar (sucrose)clean glass jarpencil or butter knifestringpan or bowl for boiling water and  making the solutionspoon or stirring rod How to Grow Rock Candy Gather your materials.You might want to grow a seed crystal, a small crystal to weight your string and provide a surface for larger crystals to grow on. A seed crystal isnt necessary as long as youre using a rough string or yarn.Tie the string to a pencil or butter knife. If you have made a seed crystal, tie it to the bottom of the string. Set the pencil or knife across the top of the glass jar and make sure that the string will hang into the jar without touching its sides or bottom. However, you want the string to hang nearly to the bottom. Adjust the length of the string, if necessary.Boil the water. If you boil your water in the microwave, be very careful removing it to avoid getting splashed.Stir in the sugar, a teaspoonful at a time. Keep adding sugar until it starts to accumulate at the bottom of the container and wont dissolve even with more stirring. This means your sugar solution is saturated. If you dont use a saturated solution, then your crystals wont grow quickly. On the other hand, if you add too much sugar, new crystals will grow on the undissolved sugar and not on your string. If you want colored crystals, stir in a few drops of food coloring.Pour your solution into the clear glass jar. If you have undissolved sugar at the bottom of your container, avoid getting it in the jar.Place the pencil over the jar and allow the string to dangle into the liquid.Set the jar where it can remain undisturbed. If you like, you can set a coffee filter or paper towel over the jar to prevent dust from falling into the jar.Check on your crystals after a day. You should be able to see the beginnings of crystal growth on the string or seed crystal.Let the crystals grow until they have reached the desired size or have stopped growing. At this point, you can pull out the string and allow the crystals to dry. You can eat them or keep them.If youre having trouble growing sugar crystals, here are some special techniques and a video tutorial. Tips: Crystals will form on a cotton or wool string or yarn, but not on a nylon line. If you use a nylon line, tie a seed crystal to it to stimulate crystal growth.If youre making the crystals to eat, dont use a fishing weight to hold your string down. The toxic lead from the weight will end up in the water. Paper clips are a better choice, but still not great.

Free Essays on The WONC Radio Station

WONC 89.1 FM Today there are hundreds, maybe even thousands, of radio stations competing for listeners. One of these radio stations is North Central College’s radio station. NCC’s radio station is the WONC 89.1 FM. Often times, smaller college radio stations or other non-profit radio stations have trouble competing with some of the bigger stations out there. This is not the case with the WONC. The WONC’s high tech equipment and great programming allow it to compete with any station out there. The WONC is located on the corner of Chicago Street and Brainard Street. It has moved there from its humble beginnings of an empty classroom in Old Main. The WONC is run by students, and has a staff of about 90 students who compete for jobs and air time. These students work for no pay; however they can choose to earn credit for working for the station. The students can also choose to either work on the air or behind the scenes. A lot of work goes on behind the scenes that often times people may not think about when they are listening to the radio. Because of the large number of students working for the station, it is sometimes very competitive when trying to get assignments. The WONC’s programming and up to date equipment make it a great place for student who are interested in the radio industry to learn more about the industry The WONC is a non-profit radio station which really doesn’t differ much from any other radio station. One thing that differs is that they have to do something called underwriting. Basically this means that they get their money from businesses and individuals. They do this by having students call businesses and individuals to get money to fund the radio station. Since they are a non-profit station they also must follow some FCC guidelines; FCC being the Federal Communications Commission. They can not air statements that call to action or mention prices. Besides that, the WONC is really no different from any ot... Free Essays on The WONC Radio Station Free Essays on The WONC Radio Station WONC 89.1 FM Today there are hundreds, maybe even thousands, of radio stations competing for listeners. One of these radio stations is North Central College’s radio station. NCC’s radio station is the WONC 89.1 FM. Often times, smaller college radio stations or other non-profit radio stations have trouble competing with some of the bigger stations out there. This is not the case with the WONC. The WONC’s high tech equipment and great programming allow it to compete with any station out there. The WONC is located on the corner of Chicago Street and Brainard Street. It has moved there from its humble beginnings of an empty classroom in Old Main. The WONC is run by students, and has a staff of about 90 students who compete for jobs and air time. These students work for no pay; however they can choose to earn credit for working for the station. The students can also choose to either work on the air or behind the scenes. A lot of work goes on behind the scenes that often times people may not think about when they are listening to the radio. Because of the large number of students working for the station, it is sometimes very competitive when trying to get assignments. The WONC’s programming and up to date equipment make it a great place for student who are interested in the radio industry to learn more about the industry The WONC is a non-profit radio station which really doesn’t differ much from any other radio station. One thing that differs is that they have to do something called underwriting. Basically this means that they get their money from businesses and individuals. They do this by having students call businesses and individuals to get money to fund the radio station. Since they are a non-profit station they also must follow some FCC guidelines; FCC being the Federal Communications Commission. They can not air statements that call to action or mention prices. Besides that, the WONC is really no different from any ot...

Dubliners essays

Dubliners essays Literature is constantly showing its readers aspects of people and societies that would not normally be shown to the public. The various aspects of society that writers choose to focus on are done for a reason. Whether or not it is a positive or negative aspect of society doesn't hold any significance. The only thing that matters in society is why writers choose to focus on the subjects that they do. Most writers are trying to push their readers further by challenging them with an aspect that the reader may overlook in everyday situations. In his Dubliners, James Joyce uses the function of religion in society to show how corruption has overtaken the Irish. Joyce portrays the immoral and corrupt role of the priests in society to show the hypocrisy behind the Irish Catholic Church, and all that Joyce's symbolism of the physical features and sexual connotations of the priests in "The Sisters", "Ivy Day in the Committee Room", and in "Grace", provides readers with an example of how deceiving these "honorable" religious figures truly are. In "The Sisters", Joyce describes the physical features of Father Flynn to show how other characters felt uncomfortable in his presence. It seems that Father Flynn's company are almost repelled to him: "When he smiled he used to uncover his big discoloured teeth and let his tongue lie upon his lower lip a habit which had made me feel uneasy in the beginning of our acquaintance before I knew him well" (13). This quote shows the awkwardness of Father Flynn's physical appearance. The "discoloured teeth" shows that the priest wasn't hygienic, when in reality priests are supposed to be purified and cleansed. The teeth show that corruption exists in Father Flynn, because he hasn't followed the regulations of priesthood. Another unexpected characteristic of an Irish priest is seen in Father Keon. He is described as being almost seductive with other men and women o...

BMW CENTRAL BUILDING (Leipzig, Germany) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BMW CENTRAL BUILDING (Leipzig, Germany) - Essay Example Name Tutor Task Date BMW CENTRAL BUILDING BMW central building in Leipzig Germany, is a magnificent building designed by Pritzker Prize together with Zaha Hadid architects, this happened in the year 2003. The building was designed with the concept of holding the integral sections that involved in the production of the BMW vehicles in one roof. Initially, the BMW real estate and facility management group had designed the three separate production units; the competition was put up to design the interlinked three core production units ( Aaron Betsky, 256). The best design by the Zaha Hadid and the Pritzker Prize to interlinked the three productions unit, which is the paint shop, the body building shop, and the assembly area; also included were administration, Restaurant for the staff. The conceptual idea behind the design, and building of this state of the art building which is a nerve centre of all the factory processes of assembling BMW vehicles was to allow easily movement of assembl ed body parts to be conveyed from one production unit of an elevated building to the other production unit. The focal point of designing and building an assembly hall, was to create enough space around the production line, was to give room for further expansion of the hall in the future without disruption to production. The magnificent building is not only functioning as a production piece of the factory, but also an epicenter of so many activities, including; the public relation area, offices, and the meeting room. The environmental approach was put into considerations, when the stipulate the use of water based paints to avoid environmental conflicts. The BMW central building is made up of several elevated conveyers which are made of a standard range of building materials like corrugated metals, channel glass and glass walls; this gave it a spectacular appearance and a unique design which stand out to be a unique building in Leipzig, Germany. The whole BMW central building covered 2.2 kilometer square that is 540 acre piece of land. The fabrication of bodies’ hall covers 640,000 square feet; the paint shop is covering 270,000 square feet and the assembly hall which is the largest cover 1,075,000 square feet. Included in the structural design is the large parking yard, the integral structural feature has the dynamic spectacle where it allows the movement the inherent dynamism movement of car bodies and vehicles and the arrangement of the parking lots giving it a gorgeous look. The other unique features in the building are such like the strategy used to organize the cross section that connect the ground floor and the first floor, there are two sequences of terraced plates of staircases that were set up from the southern part of the building to the northern part of building. The other staircase moved straight up from the ground floor meeting the first cascade then moving up to the space projecting the entrance. The advantage is that the articulation of th e most recognizable domain within an overall field. The materials used in the internal organization and walls separating the conveyors allow visual communication much more among the staff of all the ranks; this is to avoid the common tradition of segregation of them into a status group. The designing and building of this centre followed the modern organization of the offices in such a way that can provide a working

The Historical Extension of the Federal Government's Power Over the Research Paper

The Historical Extension of the Federal Government's Power Over the States - Research Paper Example It attained this by prohibiting the states from infringing upon the rights and protection of the American populace. It also prevents the state from arbitral denial of the right to life and property without the due course of the decrees, and affords every individual within the jurisdiction of the state equal protection of the law. Over the years, the Supreme Court and the federal courts have adopted different interpretations of the fourteenth amendment. It is this reinterpretation, of the amendment, that has gradually changed the law of on the fourteenth amendment. This reinterpretation was reflected in various case laws that have been decided over the years. Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243 (1833) This was the first judicial interpretation on whether the Bill of rights could limit sate powers. In this case, Baron had argued that the Constitution limited powers of both the state and federal governments, and proceeded to give the limitations on state power specified under Article 1 Sec tion 5 (Phelan, 2008). Marshal J, in a dissenting opinion, held that the Bill of Rights in any way did not limit state power, and if it was intended to limit sate power, it could have expressly stated so (Phelan, 2008). In his judgment, Marshal J applied the law as it was as opposed to what it ought to have been. He directly and strictly interpreted the fourteenth amendment to hold that it did not apply in limiting state power, but rather acted only to limit the power of the federal government. In informing his decision, Marshal J noted that the provisions that were sought to be relied upon were in the passive voice, as opposed to direct language, and the provisions under Article 1 could not be applied to limit state power. The use of passive voice, could not answer the question ‘by whom’ and it was thus incapable of determining whether the provisions of Article 1 were binding upon the states as well (Rosenkranz, 2011, 1010). Article 1, on which Barrron sought to rely o n, was framed in general terms, read passive voice, and could thus not be directly linked to limiting the state power because it could not answer the question; limited by whom? Had such provision been intended to limit state power, it could have taken a more direct tone. This, for example, could have been evidenced by the use of direct terminology such as ‘the state shall....’ or ‘No state shall....’ Although convectional wisdom may have dictated the fact that the use of the passive voice is ambiguous, Marshal J was undeterred in his stance as he applied the constitutional interpretation rule that the constitution ought to be read as a whole (Rosenkranz, 2011, 1012). In light of this therefore, if Article 1 section 9 were meant to limit state powers, then it would not have been framed in general terms. It should thus have been framed in a manner that answered the ‘by whom’ question. The logic applied in Barron is that when the Constitution seek s to limit power in passive voice, it is then limiting the authority of the government that it established. This logic is not necessarily correct because there is the horizontal dimension to separation of state power (Rosenkranz, 2011, 1015). If an interpretation were sought using this concept, then the court would have found that the Bill of rights could also limit state power horizontally. In other words, the strict application of the canon of grammatical consistency need not be construed so rigidly as to rule out flexibility in interpretation (Rosenkranz, 2011, 1016). Weeks v. U.S., 232 U.S. 383 (1914) This case sought to give an interpretation

Ancient Chinese Contributions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ancient Chinese Contributions - Research Paper Example Modern day agricultural methods, astronomical observations, paper money, decimal mathematics, brandy and whisky, chess, umbrellas, wheelbarrows, multistage rockets, and so many other things came from China. Throughout 600 AD to 1500 AD, Chinese stood as worlds most technologically advanced society. Their frequent discoveries of scientific principles and new technologies influenced the development of societies throughout the world (Shaw, 2003, p.14). This paper briefly explores the most useful and ingenious innovations of Ancient Chinese. Chinese invented the art of paper making in 105 AD, Tsai Lun, a Chinese member of Imperial Court made it by grinding plant and then converting it into sheets of paper after drying. Writing system dates back to 3000 years in China, they used bamboos for writing before, paper was certainly more practical. Early Chinese paper was made by mulberry tree and other plant fibers. Early Chinese paper was also used for clothing and military body armor since it was very hard and strong. Paper use in writing was discovered after a century of its discovery. The earliest example of writing on paper was found in the form of an abandoned piece from military. That paper dated back to 110 AD and it has nearly two dozen readable characters (Shaw, 2003, p.16). Ancient civilizations may know the process of magnetizing iron by placing it near a loadstone, however, Chinese were the first who applied this rule to invent compass. The earliest picture of compass was from 200 BC made by placing spoon as needle on the table with compass points. Early compasses were not used for navigation but divination (Gies and Gies, 1994, p.94).Earliest Chinese compass used to point towards south and called south-pointer. In the Han dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), travelers used this compass. An American scholar, Derk Bodde (1909-2003) argues that we would have been

How the external environment shapes the organization ( BOSTON PIZZA) Essay

How the external environment shapes the organization ( BOSTON PIZZA) - Essay Example Boston Pizza has a strong brand positioning and is the first chain of restaurants to offer fat-free menu items (Henry 234). The restaurants have huge televisions and spacious parking areas thus appealing to the middle income consumers. The external business environment shapes the operations of Boston Pizza and the strategic choices of the management. The external environment is beyond the control of the management and strategic choices must be made to adapt to the fast changing external environment in order for the restaurant chain to attain competitive edge in the market (Henry 172). The external business environment consists of the political environment, economic environment, social-cultural environment, technological environment, legal environment and ecological environment. PESTLE (political, economic, social-cultural, technological, legal and ecological) environment analysis tool will be useful in analysing and understanding how the external business environment shapes Boston Pizza. The political environment entails the political stability, the trade restrictions and attitudes of governments towards businesses, pressure groups, conflicts, and wars. The current political environment in Canada, United States and Mexico is stable, but there are different pressure groups such as anti-obesity campaigners that have been advocating for health eating habits (Henry 78). The Canadian government has implemented several measures that aim at protecting consumer interests and welfare in order to safeguard the health of the population. In this case, Boston Pizza must implement health-conscious menus in order to attract higher number of customers and adapt to the changing political environment (Kachru 84). The restaurant chain is capable of expanding to cities that have political stability and minimal pressure group influences. However, the government may

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Research Paper Example The present research has identified that RA is an autoimmune disease that means the body immune system is attacking its own tissues. Our immune system uses antibodies to protect us against diseases and infections. However, if people have RA, the antibodies attack the joints. This progressive disease disables the functions of joints and eventually causes the destruction of bones and ligaments. Rheumatoid arthritis is a common rheumatic disease in women than in men. This disease starts at any age, usually after 40 and before 60 years of age. In some families, it transmits genetically from parents to children. It affects multiple family members as genetically inherited. This disease is most common in older people, but children and young adults can also get it. Research shows that there is no exact cause of RA. Doctors are not sure what triggers antibodies to attack the joints. Their research shows that the main cause of this disease is that a person’s immune system attacks own bo dy tissues and causes infections. RA may run in the family. Genes, environment, and hormones may cause this disease. People with rheumatoid arthritis experience chronic swelling, stiffness, redness, and pain in the joints that causes severe joint damage. Patients with this disease may feel tired, sick and sometimes suffer from high fever. It is very difficult to diagnose this disease, as its symptoms are same as other kinds of minor joint diseases and problems. There is no single test to detect this chronic disease. The full symptoms of this disease take time to develop. Common symptoms are painful and swollen joints, especially in hands, feet, and knees. Patients feel difficulty in moving joints.

Family Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family Interview - Essay Example nter with a close relative like an aunt in this case gives an insight into the effect of the colonial socio-political and economic structure that has remained to define Haiti society to date. Critical assessment of the Haiti history shows significant cultural homogeneity with emphasis on religious practices that is dominated by Christianity. Of sensitive interest is the voodoo religion which can be traced back to the central African natives blended with American natives during the slavery period. It is therefore in the interest of the scholars and general public to understand the series of social reconstruction that Haiti has gone through in order to attain its current identity. Even the name was changed and some events are undertaken to date in commemoration of the French departure in the era of Marcus guvey.A family interview forms an important primary source of data in as far as the history and contemporary culture of Haiti is concerned. Besides, the information obtained reflect s ignificant overall socio-economic and political trend across Latin America. My Aunt who was the respondent in this interview used the concept of health as being based on the equilibrium and balance between hot (cho) and cold (fret). She holds the strong belief that sadness, excessive anger and fear are key health contributors. She believes that the spiritual well being i.e. being prayerful is an indication of spiritual good while illness is a result of a wrong doing and disrespect to the deity. Growing up in the Port au Prince Haiti, my Aunt had three sisters and four brothers. Her parents were raised in Haiti though moved to the US in their late twenties. She went to the United States when she was twenty eight and grew up together with her siblings, which strengthened the family bond between them. They are so close that a day barely passes without the siblings meeting. My Aunts mother was born in Ouanaminthe which is a small town in the Northern part of Haiti, with an approximated

How the external environment shapes the organization ( BOSTON PIZZA) Essay

How the external environment shapes the organization ( BOSTON PIZZA) - Essay Example Boston Pizza has a strong brand positioning and is the first chain of restaurants to offer fat-free menu items (Henry 234). The restaurants have huge televisions and spacious parking areas thus appealing to the middle income consumers. The external business environment shapes the operations of Boston Pizza and the strategic choices of the management. The external environment is beyond the control of the management and strategic choices must be made to adapt to the fast changing external environment in order for the restaurant chain to attain competitive edge in the market (Henry 172). The external business environment consists of the political environment, economic environment, social-cultural environment, technological environment, legal environment and ecological environment. PESTLE (political, economic, social-cultural, technological, legal and ecological) environment analysis tool will be useful in analysing and understanding how the external business environment shapes Boston Pizza. The political environment entails the political stability, the trade restrictions and attitudes of governments towards businesses, pressure groups, conflicts, and wars. The current political environment in Canada, United States and Mexico is stable, but there are different pressure groups such as anti-obesity campaigners that have been advocating for health eating habits (Henry 78). The Canadian government has implemented several measures that aim at protecting consumer interests and welfare in order to safeguard the health of the population. In this case, Boston Pizza must implement health-conscious menus in order to attract higher number of customers and adapt to the changing political environment (Kachru 84). The restaurant chain is capable of expanding to cities that have political stability and minimal pressure group influences. However, the government may

Family Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family Interview - Essay Example nter with a close relative like an aunt in this case gives an insight into the effect of the colonial socio-political and economic structure that has remained to define Haiti society to date. Critical assessment of the Haiti history shows significant cultural homogeneity with emphasis on religious practices that is dominated by Christianity. Of sensitive interest is the voodoo religion which can be traced back to the central African natives blended with American natives during the slavery period. It is therefore in the interest of the scholars and general public to understand the series of social reconstruction that Haiti has gone through in order to attain its current identity. Even the name was changed and some events are undertaken to date in commemoration of the French departure in the era of Marcus guvey.A family interview forms an important primary source of data in as far as the history and contemporary culture of Haiti is concerned. Besides, the information obtained reflect s ignificant overall socio-economic and political trend across Latin America. My Aunt who was the respondent in this interview used the concept of health as being based on the equilibrium and balance between hot (cho) and cold (fret). She holds the strong belief that sadness, excessive anger and fear are key health contributors. She believes that the spiritual well being i.e. being prayerful is an indication of spiritual good while illness is a result of a wrong doing and disrespect to the deity. Growing up in the Port au Prince Haiti, my Aunt had three sisters and four brothers. Her parents were raised in Haiti though moved to the US in their late twenties. She went to the United States when she was twenty eight and grew up together with her siblings, which strengthened the family bond between them. They are so close that a day barely passes without the siblings meeting. My Aunts mother was born in Ouanaminthe which is a small town in the Northern part of Haiti, with an approximated

Wuthering heights Essay Example for Free

Wuthering heights Essay Should Wuthering Heights be considered relevant in todays society? I say, yes. Although I must admit, I was very close to hating this book, not only because of the confusing situations which occurs and my dislike towards all characters, but also for much more reasons that I dont wish to point out at this moment for that we shall be here for a terribly long time if I did. However, I must also admit, the context of this book, Wuthering Heights, have portrayed many relevant themes that are still existing today, even as I speak. Catherines decision of marriage is one example. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary Nelly, I am Heathcliff. In this quote, Catherine was well aware of her love for Heathcliff claiming that they both have the same souls. She had no income or property of her own. Her physical comfort depends on the will of her father and brother and the most crucial decision of her life, to marry Edgar Linton, is determined by the fact that if she were to marry Heathcliff, they would become beggars. In my opinion, this is a case of forbidden love. Catherine and Heathcliff cannot be together as their statuses are simply too far apart. Many has pointed out that this is irrelevant today as currently, we have the freedom to marry whoever we like. Statuses and class arent considered as important anymore. But is this so? That nowadays we could say I do to whoever we desire? In the book Forbidden Love, by Norma Khouri, told on the accounts of a true story in the small town of Jordan, there is a much similar situation. Dalia, a Muslim, was in love with a Catholic man called Michael. In Jordan, it is considered extremely immoral for two people with such different beliefs to be together. As a result, Dalia was honorably killed when her secret relationship was discovered. Here, this is much like the account of Wuthering Heights. Although it is fair to argue that both stories are different; one deals with religion and honor killings when the other with statuses. However the concepts of the two are very much alike as both revolve around the idea of forbidden love. Love that can never be equated. Perhaps the procedure of murder or revenge would not appear in every situation such as this, but most definitely it will end painfully tragic. The heartbreaking story of Dalia  and Michael was real. It only happened several years ago. As I have heard in your speeches, many have pointed out that the scene of Catherines ghost was much irrelevant as opposed to todays society for that we now do not believe in the supernatural. I find this argument rather hypocritical. If I remember correctly, only a few years back, was there not a reality TV show starring John Edwards which was such a big hit, it attracted millions of viewers around the whole globe? Mr. Edwards claimed, through his television show, that he could communicate with the souls of the dead. This not only brought the attention of numerous but also their belief in him. Many say that his so-called communications is probably just a sham and arent genuine. Whether he really beholds such powers or he was simply making up his sixth sense, I do not care for that he is a person that I neither like nor like to know more of. I am merely mentioning this troublesome man to prove my point. Not of the existence of the supernatural or that ghosts do really appear through your window, but of our beliefs in it even today. As modern day citizens, our acceptance of the paranormal is still very strong. If it wasnt so, then wouldnt the ratings for a reality show of communications with dead spirits be extremely low and unpopular much like the opposite of the results of Mr. Edwards multi-million making one? Here, in the story of Wuthering Heights, the use of a ghostly scene was to attract the readers attention making the book sound interesting and engaging. Bronte addresses the bond between Catherine and Heathcliff in a spiritual way. Thus, making their love towards each other almost inseparable. As children, they had a bond that grew out of similar needs. They grew up protecting and trying to shelter each other from the abuse of Hindley and Joseph. Consequently, they developed an eternal friendship, love and affinity. One could say that they were soul mates even children. Bronte expands the notion of eternal love by creating the supernatural aspect in the story. This is illustrated when Heathcliff contacts Catherines spirit after she dies. Their souls are eternally joined so as a result, Heathcliff cannot live in this realm without her. Only their souls joined together make one. Heathcliff eventually dies to reunite his soul with Catherine. Another aspect which is relevant today and forever it shall remain relevant  is selfishness. Catherines selfish character was depicted when she wanted both Edgar and Heathcliff at the same time. In the beginning, she was introduced as a high spirited character who was wild. However, she drastically changes throughout the book. When she hurts her leg and is forced to stay at Thrushcross Grange, she returns to Wuthering Heights as a well dressed and dignified lady. She was easily swayed to the superior lifestyle of the Lintons and began to look down upon Heathcliff. She even laughs at his rough and dirty appearance and says I didnt mean to laugh at you. I could not hinder myself Heathcliff. Shake hands at least! What are you sulky for? It was only that you looked odd. If you wash you face and brush your hair, it would be alright. But you are so dirty! I as a reader was left surprised and cheated with this reversal. However, she becomes more and more selfish by the minute and even tries to change Heathcliff and begins to feel that he is in fact, beneath her. This is one of the reasons why she starts to look at Edgar in a new light. He, unlike her family, was refined, gentle, rich and handsome. When he asked her to marry him, she accepted, knowing very well that she loved Heathcliff. Ive no more business to marry Edgar than I have to be in heaven. If the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldnt have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now, so he shall never know how I love him; and that not only because he is handsome, Nelly, but because he is more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightening or frost from fire. We could her marriage to Edgar was for all the wrong reasons. Catherine even confides to Nelly, he shall be rich and I shall be the greatest woman of the neighborhood and I shall be proud of having such a husband. It is evident that Catherine throws away love for her own selfish wants and materialistic motives. She wanted Edgar for his life and riches and Heathcliff for his soul. She didnt want to choose between the two and she never really did. She toyed with both of them by marring Edgar while still loving Heathcliff. Thus, she caused pain for the two men, by causing Edgar to be jealous and Heathcliff desiring revenge. Catherines passion towards Heathcliff ruined many lives. Later in the story, she suffers from the results of the selfish and naive decisions she makes. I wasnt sorry for her not only because I find her very much annoying, but because I felt that  she deserved it they were the bad choices that she must live with. Her character was childish and spoilt who loved to be in the centre of attention. It is not surprising why she wanted to be the most powerful woman in the neighborhood. The character Catherine, not only gives us something to hate and despise, but to also learn from. Throughout the whole story she was indeed very selfish and very rarely has she ever used her head to decide. Thus, this lead to the suffering of not only her, but many additional innocent lives in both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. My point here is selfishness is something that only destroys happiness of not simply you, but others as well. This theme is not only relevant, but should be considered everyday. In conclusion, I still think that Wuthering Heights is a relevant text and should be studied by teenagers through high school. Even though I shall be feeling somewhat sorry for them, the book portrays the some of the most significant qualities of mankind. That is something that I cannot argue against.

Green Logistics Management

Green Logistics Management Green logistics can be defined as coordinating the general logistical activities comprising freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and all the relevant activities required to move products through the supply chain in a way that meets customer requirements at minimum cost with an environmental concern. The main objective is examining different possible ways to reduce the external costs of logistics associated mainly with climate change, air pollution, noise etc and achieving a more sustainable balance between economic, environmental and social objectives. 2. Literature review on green logistics Researchers have been working on various mathematical techniques, heuristics, combinatorial optimization and practical methods for developing new and more sustainable methodologies to reverse logistics for the collection, recycling and disposal of waste products. With the help of some illustrative examples, the project is focussed on developing basic understanding of how new techniques and the operating practices could contribute to effective domestic waste management. Peirce and Davidson (1982) used a linear optimization technique to formulate the problem of transportation routing among transfer stations, disposal facilities, and long term storage impoundments but limiting the model to determination of cost effective waste transportation routes. Jennings and scholars (1984) formulated the regional hazardous waste management system as simply a vehicle routing problem aiming for either reducing cost or risk. Zografos and Samara (1990) dealt with the problem of a single type of waste to achieve the objectives of minimizing transportation risk, travelling time and disposal costs but, the demerits are that each centre is affected only by its closest facility and all the different source points can send its hazardous waste to only one treatment facility. Hu et al (2002) made use of a linear programming model to investigate the cost reduction of decision making support system used for managing the multi source waste reverse flows again limiting the objective only to cost factor. Alumur and kara (2007) used Multi-objective mixed integer programming model with dual objectives of minimizing cost and risk factor in hazardous waste logistics. They focussed mainly on the factors that decide the appropriate location for treatment facilities, dumping sites and the relevant technology needed to route various sources of waste subject to constraints. The considered model was implemented in Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Their research shed light on using multi-period concept to the existing model to schedule the processing of different types of waste. 2.1 Domestic waste management Though the above research work was quite old, it contributed much towards the waste management. They made a foundation for further research where we can combine both the objectives of cost reduction as well as environmental benefits. Solid waste is a critical environmental problem in both developed and developing countries. The growing environmental concern from citizens, governments and various industrialists demand new methods and technologies to address the problems involved in waste management that pose a threat to the environment. Domestic waste logistics is one of the key areas that could have a huge impact on the environment with the growing population if not given enough attention. The very common problem in developing countries regarding solid waste management is lack of sufficient technical and financial resources. The available resources can think of only collection and logistics costs, leaving no resources for safe final disposal (Collivignarelli et al., 2004). The green logistics objective can be served in several ways addressing sustainable domestic waste disposal. Some of them are mentioned below: What collection system should be applied for easy disposal of different types of wastes such as recyclable and non-recyclable? Where to locate the garbage accumulation areas and collection points? How big the fleet of vehicles should be and how feasible it is to have multiple compartment vehicles to collect different sources of waste separately at one time? How many containers and of what type should be assigned to each area? Which are the most appropriate collection routes depending on the demand, traffic and other practical constraints? What frequency of collection should be applied to each area? There has been a significant amount of research work going on addressing one or more of the above problems with the green logistics objective. For an extensive discussion on green logistics objectives one can refer to Sheu 2007, which is the recent review published in this area where they used coordinated reverse logistics management system which was formulated as multi-objective linear programming model for treating hazardous waste. The time varying waste collection amount associated with each given waste type was regulated by reverse logistics system and this was further coordinated with other activities such as storage, processing, distribution and final treatment. By using these two factors, the author could successfully design a model that searches for system-wide optimization condition considering both the reverse logistics operational costs and also the environmental impact through risk constraints. The model saved 58% operational costs with the inclusion of green logistics ob jective comparatively with the earlier versions of other authors where only a cost factor was considered. Though the above research work proves to be beneficial from cost as well as environmental perspective, is it really the same in every case? As the objective starts shifting the full attention towards green, economical and more of an environmental friendly objectives, the long term results sometimes have to be compromised although it proves more costly. There are various functional elements involved in the waste management such as waste generation, collection, separation, handling, storage and treatment, logistics and final dumping. In general, the same problem requires different objectives depending upon whose requirement it is. From business perspective, the best solution would be the one with the least cost, while for the government the best solution would be the one with the least risk (referring to human life). Therefore, for any proposed mathematical model, there should always be a compromise solution considering these different objectives. Conceptual approach by Chang and Davila (2007) made a great success in diverting recyclables, green waste from the municipal solid waste streams to energy, composting and recycling facilities. They analysed the existing solid waste management strategies for better improvement using minimax regret optimization techniques with multiple criteria. Researchers also shifting their attention towards using Life cycle analysis for evaluating different strategies involved in waste management. Ahluwalia and Nema (2007) presented a life cycle based multi-objective model to support decision makers in integrated waste management. They evaluated the management budget and life cycle of different types of computer waste for different objectives of cost, business risk and environmental impact. The main idea of Life cycle approach is recycling computer waste which otherwise leads to the loss of potential resources and can have a huge impact on the environment as well. Sbihi and Eglese (2007) mentioned the importance of multi-time step model in Combinatorial optimization and Green Logistics. They highlighted the variation in waste generation at any source node with time and about uncertainty with the data related to waste generation. In response to that, Ahluwalia and Nema (2007) identified the factors responsible for the computer waste and their contribution to the environmental pollution. Multiple objectives of economy, health and environmental risk involved with various computer waste management activities were assessed with the help of an integer linear goal programming based multi-time step optimal material flow analysis model. Several treatment and disposal facilities were selected and assigned optimum quantities of waste to them along chosen transportation routes, depending on different priorities to cost and risk. The uncertainty factor related to waste generation quantities also taken into consideration using Monte Carlo simulation. There are also some studies in the literature that are concerned only with the vehicle routing problem but the research objective seem to be very interesting from waste management perspective. These studies attempt to find the best possible routes for a given network with the objective of minimizing transportation cost subject to various constraints. Part of the model developed in our project uses a multi-compartment vehicle in which different sources of domestic wastes can be collected separately at the collection point itself using several vehicles EL Fallahi et al 2008. Using this concept of multi-compartment vehicle for waste collection might reduce the burden of segregating them later at the dumping site. This also might reduce the cost involved in diverting the recyclable and non-recyclable wastes to their corresponding processing centres, making the waste collection process not only economically profitable but can also make the recycling process more environmental friendly. Some times depending on the type of objective that is involved, constraints play a critical role. For instance, while dealing with the logistics of hazardous wastes, public safety is a serious constraint without which the model will be invalid. Highly toxic wastes like by-products of nuclear power plants needed to be transported to a safer environment. YW Chen et al (2008) planned safest transportation of nuclear waste by integrating the multi-objective (minimizing the travel time, transportation risk and the exposed population) shortest route problem having actual road network attributes of GIS (geographic information systems) with environmental systems research institute (ESRI). 8. The importance of environmental protection resulted in a set of new waste management goals in the reverse logistics system planning. Pati RK et al (2008) formulated a mixed integer goal programming to study the inter-relationship between the multiple objectives of a recycled paper distribution network. The objectives considered are reduction in reverse logistics cost; product quality improvement through increased segregation at the source; and environmental benefits through increased waste paper recovery. The model has been illustrated through a problem at paper recycling in India. It says that the model can also be extended to other areas of reverse logistics systems involving conservation of natural resources such as recycling of plastic wastes. This model can also be used for determining the facility location, route and flow of various types of recyclable waste paper in the multi-item, multi-echelon and multi-facility decision making framework. Future research Including non-linearities and stochasticity of parameters in the above linear model. Extending the model to other reverse logistics problem areas involving the environmental issues and conservation of natural resources such as recycling of plastic wastes. - Third report 1. Lund and Clark II (2008) highlighted various transportation technologies and the link to stationary power generation that may help to reduce the impact of both energy and transportation sectors on global warming and climate change. He made a point based on the past literature that no single technology appears to be able to solve the carbon footprint problem on its own. This special issue focussed on the methodologies and practices applied to the analysis of coherent sustainable energy and transportation systems in order to reverse the climate change. He focussed on the information available from literature review, mainly on the use of electric and hybrid technologies in the transportation sector with renewable energy source. But it appears to me that even with the mass introduction of these technologies, the impact on environment may again increase with more electricity generation (exception for wind and hydro electric power). He mentioned in his paper that Professor Woodrow Clark discussed how green energy from renewable energy sources can play a significant role in protecting the environment while providing power for building and transportation. This issue is based on the presentation from special session on Sustainable Energy and Transportation Systems which was part of 4th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, June 4-8, 2007, Dubrovnik, Croatia. 2. Siu 2007 reviewed a number of innovative light weight transit systems with the objective to serve as a reference to decision makers who are involved in the planning and design of sustainable transportation systems. Siu argues that building more roads to relieve traffic congestion achieves nothing more than encouraging more vehicles to use them, resulting in more carbon emissions. This paper again focussed on the use of latest technologies namely the battery-electric, hybrid-electric and fuel cells buses. It says that the electric drives are appealing the transit operators because of reduced or zero vehicle emissions and increased efficiency. With efficient use of these innovative transit technologies in the distribution and logistics sector would certainly help to achieve the goal of green logistics. 3. Wadhwa et al 2008 proposed a multi-criterion decision making (MCDM) model based on fuzzy set theory. It is a flexible decision modelling of reverse logistics system: A value adding MCDM approach for alternative selection which can be helpful in designing effective and efficient flexible return policy depending on various criteria. This fuzzy decision methodology provides an alternative framework to deal with the complexities involved in reverse logistics and giving the best decision strategy for product recovery system. It requires quantitative and qualitative evaluation based on criteria such as cost, time, legislative factors, environmental impact, quality and quality. This paper combines fuzzy based flexible MCDM and reverse logistics for alternate selections. Future research The model serves to enhance the progressive introduction of applying artificial intelligence future research in terms of developing a group decision support system. 4. EL Fallahi et al 2008. A memetic algorithm and a tabu search for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem. Computers and Operations research 2008; 35: 1725-1741 A general vehicle routing problem where a customer can order different products which will be delivered using identical vehicles using several compartments, each compartment being dedicated to one product is considered in this paper. The author used two algorithms known as memetic algorithm with a post optimization phase based on path relinking and a tabu search to solve the above problem. Path re-linking is the method to combine intensification and diversification in tabu search. It mainly concentrates on the exploration of links connecting pairs of good solutions in search space hoping for better solutions along these paths. This technique is generally used after the tabu search metaheuristic. Tabu search is a heuristic method designed to guide other methods, including local search algorithms to escape local optima. Its distinctive feature is the use of a memory to search the best possible solutions subject to certain constraints like forbidden moves (tabu). The above algorithms are compared for both multi-compartment and single compartment and found that splitting the compartments improved the results on average. References: Ahluwalia PK, Nema AK. A Goal Programming Based Multi-Time Step Optimal Material Flow Analysis Model for Integrated Computer Waste Management. Journal of Environmental Informatics 2007; 10(2): 82-98 Ahluwalia PK, Nema AK. A life cycle based multi-objective optimization model for the management of computer waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2007; 51: 792-826 Alumur S, Kara BY. A new model for the hazardous waste location-routing problem. Computers and operations research 2007; 34: 1406-1423 Bautista J, Fernandez E, Pereira J. Solving an urban waste collection problem using ant heuristics. Computers and operations research 2008; 35: 3020-3033 Bodin L, Kursh SA. A computer-assisted system for the routing and scheduling of street sweepers. Operations Research 1978; 26(4):525-37. Bodin L, Kursh SA. A detailed description of a computer system for the routing and scheduling of street sweepers. Computers and Operations Research 1979; 6:181-98. Chang NB, Davila E. Minimax regret optimization analysis for a regional solid waste management system. Waste management 2007; 27: 820-832 Chen YW, Wang CH, Lin SJ. A multi-objective geographic information system for route selection of nuclear waste transport. Omega 2008; 36:363-372. Cheung BKS, Choy KL, Li C-L, Shi W, Tang J. Dynamic routing model and solution methods for fleet management with mobile technologies. International journal of production economics 2008; 113: 694-705. Corberà ¡n A, Martà ­ R, Martà ­nez E, Soler D. The rural postman problem on mixed graphs with turn penalties. Computers and Operations Research 2002; 29:887-903. Hu T-L, Sheu J-B, Huang K-H. A reverse logistics cost minimization model for the treatment of hazardous wastes. Transportation Research Part E 2002; 38(6):457-73. J.B Sheu. Coordinated reverse logistics system for regional management of multi-source hazardous wastes. Computers and operations research 2007; 34: 1442-1462 Jennings AA, Scholar RL .Hazardous waste disposal network analysis. Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE) 1984; 110(2):325-42. Pati RK, Vrat P, Kumar P. A goal programming model for paper recycling system. Omega 2008; 36: 405-417. Peirce JJ, Davidson GM. Linear programming in hazardous waste management. Journal of Environmental Engineering1982; 108(5):1014-26. Roy S, Rousseau JM. The Capacitated Canadian Postman Problem. INFOR 1989; 27(1):58-73. Tsoulfas GT, Pappis CP, Minner S. An environmental analysis of the reverse supply chain of SLI batteries. Resources Conservation and Recycling 2002; 36:135-54. Zografos KG, Samara SSA. Combined location-routing model for hazardous waste transportation and disposal. Transportation Research Record 1990; 1245:52-9. Lund H, Clark II WW. Sustainable energy and transportation systems introduction and overview. Utilities policy 2008; 16: 59-62 Siu LK. Innovative Lightweight Transit Technologies for Sustainable Transportation. Journanl of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 2007; 7(2): 63-71. Wadhwa S, et al. Flexible decision modeling of reverse logistics system: A value adding MCDM approach for alternative selection. Robotics and Computer-Integer Manufacturing (2008), doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2008.01.006 El Fallahi A, Prins C, Calvo R W. A memetic algorithm and a tabu search for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem. Computers and Operations research 2008; 35:1725-1741.

Elodea Essay -- Papers

Elodea Elodea is a genus of aquatic plants often called water weeds. Elodea is native to North America and it is also widely used as aquarium vegetation. The introduction of some species of Elodea into waterways in parts of Europe, the Australia, Africa, Asia, and New Zealand has created a significant problem, and it is now considered a noxious weed in these areas. Elodea canadensis, sometimes called American or Canadican waterweed or Anacharis (a former scientific name) is widely known as the generic water weed. The use of these names causes it to be confused with similar-looking non-native plants like Brazilian elodea (Egeria Densa) or hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). American waterweed is an attractive aquarium plant, and is a good substitute for Brazilian elodea since it is native to Washington's lakes, ponds and rivers. American waterweed is usually fairly easy to distinguish from its more notorious relatives, like Brazilian elodea and hydrilla. All of them have leaves in whorls around the stem. However, American waterweed has three leaves per whorl, whereas hydrilla and Brazilian elodea almost always have more than three leaves per whorl. Brazilian elodea is also a much larger, bushy plant with longer leaves. American waterweed also looks very much like another native elodea, Elodea nuttallii, which generally has three narrower leaves per whorl. The American waterweed lives entirely underwater with the exception of small white flowers which bloom at the surface and are attached to the plant by delicate stalks. It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as ... ... semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It can grow in water. Potting: The Canadian Pondweed grows better in cooler water. In temperatures above 70Â º F, it becomes spindly. This plant can be grown under 8 to 10 feet of water and will easily reach the surface of the average water garden. This plant derives most of its nourishment from the water through its leaves; its roots serve mainly to anchor it to the bottom, therefore, they may be planted in sand or pea gravel as well as soil. They may be anchored down and just dropped into the pond or planted in containers of sand or gravel. If they are only floated in the pond, too much sunlight and air will kill it. If fish don't keep this plant in check, it will need to be pruned back to prevent it from choking other water plants and taking up swimming space for fish.

Trade Protectionism Put to the Test Essay -- Essays Papers

Trade Protectionism Put to the Test The idea behind trade protectionism as policy is that domestic industry cannot or should not have to compete with imports from foreign producers and that domestic workers’ jobs are at risk when trade is unrestricted. Most economists, and a large portion of the public would agree when looking at the big picture that free trade is positive for importers and exporters, as well as consumers. The very basic theories of comparative advantage, specialization and trade make a compelling argument for trade without barriers. Trade based on comparative advantage produces higher outputs for both importers and exporters, higher quality of goods, lower prices, greater varieties of goods from which to select, and an overall greater sense of economic well-being. The disadvantages of implementing quotas, tariffs, or other forms of barriers to trade far outweigh any perceived advantages. There are cases to prove that more jobs are actually lost under protectionism than saved. Historicall y, trade barriers result in higher prices to consumers, higher taxes (taxes on imported goods as well as those to cover additional bureaucratic infrastructure to force compliance with trade restrictions), developing counties that have no way to repay debt as their ability to export is squashed, and trade wars that have proven a deterrent to world peace. This paper will look at the evidence that trade protectionism has an overwhelmingly harmful effect on developing countries. It creates and rewards inefficiency in the marketplace. It benefits only special interest groups while the masses are forced to pay higher prices for lesser quality and choice. The costs (both monetary and non-monetary) far outweigh any benefi... ...some military conflicts. During the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, mercantilism led to nonstop wars in efforts to expand empires and build larger markets. The American Revolution and the Civil War can be said to have many issues at their core, not lease of which were tariffs and export restrictions. In 1930, the Smoot-Hawley Act, was signed by President Hoover and raised tariffs (some as much as 100%). What followed were similar trade restrictions implemented by other countries. This was followed immediately by the Great Depression and then by World War II. Obviously, these historical examples do not represent empirical data to connect trade protectionism to war and unrest. However, it is enough to give pause for thought to consider the possibility that trade restriction policies (and those created in retaliation) may create and feed hostility and ill will.

Lab Safety Essay

Lab safety is very important if you are going to work in a science lab. First off, you need the right equipment and you need to read the signs of each machine or are you are working in, so you can see what safety gear you will need to put on. First off, if you are going to work in an area involving fire, you should wear something non-flammable or an apron to protect yourself and your clothes. you should make sure that there is a fire extinguisher near by. If you nsee a flask symbol on something, that means that there is glass in that area. That is why you should never wear open toed shoes, or if any glass breaks or falls of the table, you have a lower risk of stepping on it and getting it stuck in your foot. When working around chemicals or acids, you should always wear safety goggles. If you happen to get some in your in eyes, it will most likely sting very badly. You will need to rinse your eyes under some water for about 15 minutes to get all of the chemicals out. If you see a hand symbol on something, that means you should wear heat resistant gloves. You will most likely need to wear them, because you will be touching something with a very hot temperature and you could badly burn yourself. When ever working with an electrical device, never use it near water. First of all, you could badly electricute yourself, and it could also start a fire which could be disasterous. That is what you need to do to be safe in the lab. You must use all of those required items. If there is an accident, you should get help immediatly.

Advantages of trade liberalization Essay

During these last decades, the world economy has experienced rapid growth. This growth has been fueled in part by the more rapid growth of international trade. Trade growth, in turn, results from both technological developments and concerted efforts to reduce barriers to trade. Some developing countries have opened their economies to take full advantage of opportunities for economic development through trade, but many are those who abstained. Trade barriers that persist in industrialized countries are concentrated on agricultural products and manufacturing intensive labor, for which developing countries have a comparative advantage. The pursuit of trade liberalization, particularly in these areas, both industrialized and developing countries, help the poorest out of extreme poverty while also benefiting the industrialized countries themselves. Policies that open economy to trade and investment around the world are essential to sustained economic growth. For several decades, no country experienced economic success, demonstrated by the substantial increase in living standards of its people, without being open to the rest of the world. Conversely, opening to trade – as well as foreign direct investment – was an important element in the economic success of East Asia, where over the last 20 years the average import duties fell to a level of 30 % to 10 %. China for example, remained closed in 2003 based on the undivided power of the Communist Party and its black market exchange rate premium, which averaged 36% between 1990-1999 (Easterly and Sewadeh, 2002). In addition, China had a relatively high average tariff rate, 31%, between 1990-1999. Today, we can  admit that China is perhaps the best example of the positive connection between openness and economic growth. Reforms in China transformed it from a highly protected market to perhaps the most open emerging market economy by the time it came into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 (1). The opening of their economy to the world market is the key factor that has enabled many developing countries to develop comparative advantages in the manufacture of certain products. In these countries that the World Bank called â€Å"new globalists† the number of people living in absolute poverty has declined by more than 120 million people (14% ) between 1993 and 1998 (2). There is a considerable number of facts showing that countries that are more open to the outside tend to consistently grow faster than those which are closed onto themselves (3). In fact, we can see that the benefits of trade liberalization can be more than ten times higher than its Cost. Countries that have opened their economies in recent years, including India, Vietnam and Uganda, have experienced faster growth and a more pronounced reduction of poverty (4). On average, those developing countries that have strongly reduced their tariffs in the 1980s have grown faster than other growth during the 1990s. Trade liberalization often particularly benefits to poors. The increased growth resulting from trade liberalization tends to increase the incomes of the poors in general at the same proportions as those of the entire population (5). New jobs are created for unskilled workers, enabling them to enter the middle class. Generally, inequality between countries has been declining since 1990 , reflecting the fastest economic growth in developing countries, which is partly due to the trade liberalization. Trade liberalization reduces the cost of living. For example, in the EU Member States, services such as transport, energy, postal services and telecommunications have previously been provided by national organisations with exclusive rights to provide a given service. By opening up these markets to international competition, consumers can now choose from a number of alternative service providers and products. Opening up these markets to competition has also allowed consumers to benefit from lower prices and new  services which are usually more efficient and consumer-friendly than before. This helps to make the economy more competitive (6). The elimination of the remaining trade barriers is likely to provide significant gains. Gains from the removal of all barriers to merchandise trade are estimated between 250 and 680 billion dollars per year. Approximately two thirds of these gains accrue to industrialized countries. But the amount for developing countries would still be more than two times higher than the support they currently receive. Further trade liberalization would benefit more, as a percentage of their GDP, to developing countries than to industrialized countries because their economies are more strongly protected and they face higher barriers. Although an improved access to the markets of other countries has advantages, liberalizing their own market is the most profitable to the countries. For industrialized countries, the main benefits come from the liberalization of agricultural markets. Developing countries benefit equally to liberalize their manufacturing and agriculture. Sources 1. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/bert-hofman-chinas-economy-7-favorite-number For China’s Economy, 7 Is a Favorite Number, video April 24 2014 https://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/lardy.pdfTrade Liberalization and Its Role in Chinese Economic Growth, Nicholas R. Lardy, New Delhi, November 14-16, 2003 2. World Bank : Globalization, Growth, and Poverty : Facts, Fears and an Agenda for Action 3. Example: Jeffrey Frankel et David Romer, â€Å"Does Trade Cause Growth?†,American Economic Review, juin 1999 4. David Dollar, â€Å"Globalisation, Inequality, and Poverty since 1980†, World bank 5. David Dollar and Aart Kraay, â€Å"Trade, Growth, and Poverty†, World bank 2001 6. http://www.wto.org/french/thewto_f/whatis_f/10ben_f/10b04_f.htm La libà ©ralisation des à ©changes rà ©duit le coà »t de la vie, Organisation Mondiale du Commerce http://perso.univ-rennes1.fr/denis.delgay-troise/CI/Cours/REI111.pdf L’à ©volution des à ©changes internationaux